From: Machine learning-based prediction of COVID-19 mortality using immunological and metabolic biomarkers
Features: Median (IQR) | Alive Group (N=4,887) | Dead Group (N=132) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | |||
Age (years) | 43(28 - 59) | 83(76 - 88) | < 0.001 |
Height(m) | 1.61(1.54 - 1.68) | 1.57(1.51 - 1.60) | 0.012 |
BMI(kg/M2) | 25.47(22.9 - 28.04) | 24.02(22.4 - 26.3) | 0.119 |
Weight(kg) | 65.7(58.2 - 75.3) | 62.8(54.4 - 70.4) | 0.275 |
Liver function related tests: | |||
Alanine aminotransferase in serum or plasma ( U/L) | 21 (15 - 30) | 17 (12 - 25) | < 0.001 |
Alkaline phosphatase in serum or plasma ( U/L) | 65 (54 - 78) | 77 (62 - 97) | < 0.001 |
Aspartate aminotransferase in serum or plasma (U/L) | 25 (21 - 34) | 28 (23 - 52) | 0.004 |
Gamma glutamyl transferase in serum or plasma (U/L) | 32 (21 - 56) | 46.9 (34.8 - 108.3) | 0.002 |
Direct bilirubin in serum or plasma – umol/L | 9.6 (6.2 - 12.0) | 29.0 (18.7 - 46.9) | < 0.001 |
Bilirubin in serum or plasma (umol/L) | 7.6 (5.6 - 10.3) | 8.0 (6.0 - 11.5) | 0.214 |
Liver function related tests: | |||
Albumin in urine (mg/L) | 8.35 (2.99 - 20.86) | 11.31(4.44 - 16.00) | 0.844 |
Inflammatory biomarkers: | |||
C reactive protein in serum or plasma (mg/L) | 2.9 (1.0 - 6.4) | 25.8 (6.3 - 69.5) | < 0.001 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hr) | 21 (11 - 36) | 56.5 (33.75 - 81.75) | < 0.001 |
Pancreas function related tests: | |||
Amylase in serum or plasma (U/L) | 64 (51 - 81) | 74 (58 - 101) | 0.003 |
Hematological biomarkers: | |||
Base excess in blood (mmol/L) | -0.2 (-1.8 - 1.6) | -1.4 (-4.2 - 1.3) | 0.002 |
Bicarbonate in blood (mmol/L) | 24.0 (21.4 - 26.3) | 23.0 (19.1 - 25.1) | 0.001 |
Bicarbonate in serum – mmol/L | 24.39 (21.87 - 26.23) | 21.75 (20.04- 23.68) | 0.005 |
Calcium corrected for albumin in serum or plasma (mmol/L) | 2.28 (2.21 - 2.34) | 2.31 (2.22 - 2.38) | 0.006 |
Calcium in serum or plasma (mmol/L) | 2.28 (2.21 - 2.36) | 2.21 (2.11 - 2.33) | < 0.001 |
Calcium.ionized in blood ( mmol/L) | 1.11 (1.04 - 1.15) | 1.10 (1.05 - 1.14) | 0.816 |
Carboxyhemoglobin/Hemoglobin.total in blood (%) | 0.5 (0.3 - 0.9) | 0.3 (0.3 - 0.3) | 0.044 |
Deoxyhemoglobin/Hemoglobin.total in blood (%) | 3.5 (2.5 - 4.2) | 3.7 (2.2 - 29.6) | 0.620 |
Chloride in Serum or Plasma (mmol/L) | 102.0 (100.0 - 104.0) | 102.9 (100.8 - 106.2) | 0.020 |
Carbon dioxide [Moles/volume] in Blood (mmol/L) | 26.0 (23.0 - 28.5) | 25.7 (20.4 - 27.0) | 0.134 |
Carbon dioxide [Partial pressure] in blood (kPa) | 5.0 (4.3 - 5.8) | 4.7 (4.1 - 5.5) | 0.063 |
Carcinogenic biomarkers: | |||
Carcinoembryonic Ag in serum or plasma (ng/mL) | 2.40 (1.46 - 3.70) | 3.55 (2.75 - 5.30) | 0.004 |
Alpha-1-Fetoprotein in serum or plasma( ng/mL) | 2.19 (1.65 - 2.89) | 1.61 (1.33 - 1.86) | 0.087 |
Cardiac function related tests: | |||
Cholesterol.in LDL in Serum or Plasma by Calculated – mmol/L | 2.41 (1.89 - 3.10) | 1.88 (1.40 - 2.20) | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol.in HDL in serum or plasma (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.0 - 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0 - 1.4) | 0.543 |
Cholesterol non HDL in serum or plasma (mmol/L) | 3.10 (2.50 - 3.83) | 2.43 (1.98 - 3.13) | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol.total/Cholesterol in HDL in serum or plasma (mol/mol) | 3.57 (2.91 - 4.48) | 3.23 (2.57 - 3.85) | 0.002 |
Cholesterol in Serum or Plasma – mmol/L | 4.4 (3.7 - 5.2) | 3.7 (3.3 - 4.1) | < 0.001 |
Troponin T.cardiac in serum or plasma (ng/L) | 5.0 (3.0 - 7.1) | 21.1 (8.7 - 34.9) | <0.001 |
Creatine kinase in serum or plasma (U/L) | 81.0 (58.8 - 117.0) | 90.5 (58.0 - 175.5) | 0.033 |