Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
PICO | Inclusion | Exclusion |
|---|---|---|
Population | Human patients and/or healthcare providers | Non-human participants |
Intervention | Patient-to-provider messaging (as a sole intervention, or provided in addition to other in-person or virtual services). Patient-to-provider message includes any virtual written communication between healthcare provider and patients | Virtual care services which do not specify the use of patient-to-provider messaging, in-person care delivery without the inclusion of patient-provider messaging, peer-support messaging, provider-to-provider messaging |
Comparator | A comparator group is not necessary for this review | N/A |
Outcomes | Reviews had to discuss best practices, barriers, or facilitators to engaging in patient-provider messaging in a healthcare setting | Reviews which identify that patient-to-provider messaging is used but provide no further information/recommendations on best-practice, barriers, or facilitators |