Skip to main content

Table 3 Effect of intervention on stress and stress-related symptoms: Interaction effect of Time \(\times\) Group and planned contrasts following significant interaction effects

From: The effectiveness and user experience of a biofeedback intervention program for stress management supported by virtual reality and mobile technology: a randomized controlled study

Variables

Time x Group

         
 

\(\chi ^2\) (df)

p

Pre – Post

 

Pre – Follow-up

   

b

t (df)

p

r

 

b

t (df)

p

r

PSS-10

6.23 (2)

.04

-1.37

-1.29 (152)

.20

.17

 

-2.65

-2.49 (152)

.01

.20

\(\text {DASS-21}_{\text {depression}}\)

2.66 (2)

.26

         

\(\text {DASS-21}_{\text {anxiety}}\)

6.13 (2)

.05

-2.68

-2.16 (152)

.03

.17

 

-2.62

-2.11 (152)

.04

.17

\(\text {DASS-21}_{\text {stress}}\)

3.50 (2)

.17

         

WHO-5

0.87 (2)

.64

         

MAAS

11.24 (2)

.00

0.25

2.05 (152)

.04

.16

 

0.41

3.34 (152)

.00

.26

MFI-20\(_\text {general fatigue}\)

0.47 (2)

.79

         

MFI-20\(_\text {physical\,fatigue}\)

2.71 (2)

.26

         

MFI-20\(_\text {mental\,fatigue}\)

8.49 (2)

.01

-1.44

-2.41 (151)

.02

.19

 

-1.55

-2.61 (151)

.01

.21

MFI-20\(_\text {reduced\,activity }\)

3.96 (2)

.14

         

MFI-20\(_\text {reduced\,motivation}\)

3.53 (2)

.17

         

SF-36\(_\text {general\,health}\)

1.80 (2)

.41

         

SF-36\(_\text {mental\,health}\)

4.11(2)

.13

         

SF-36\(_\text {bodily\,pain}\)

2.10 (2)

.35

         

SF-36\(_\text {physical\,functioning}\)

2.68 (2)

.26

         

SF-36\(_\text {role-emotional }\)

7.40 (2)

.02

15.86

2.21 (152)

.03

.18

 

17.65

2.46 (152)

.01

.20

SF-36\(_\text {role-physical}\)

4.28 (2)

.11

         

SF-36\(_\text {social\,functioning}\)

6.66 (2)

.04

15.86

2.21 (152)

.03

.18

 

17.65

2.46 (152)

.02

.20

SF-36\(_\text {vitality}\)

2.02 (2)

.37

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {autonomy satisfaction}\)

1.29 (2)

.45

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {autonomy frustration}\)

5.04 (2)

.08

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {competence satisfaction}\)

4.14 (2)

.13

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {competence frustration}\)

1.99 (2)

.37

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {relatedness satisfaction}\)

1.41 (2)

.49

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {relatedness frustration}\)

0.34 (2)

.84

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {needs satisfaction}\)

0.53 (2)

.77

         

BPNSFS\(_\text {needs frustration}\)

1.17 (2)

.56

         

mean HR

6.00 (2)

.05

1.39

0.61 (146)

.54

.05

 

-4.00

-1.76 (146)

.08

.14

rMSSD

5.34 (2)

.06

         

pNN50

7.68 (2)

.02

2.88

0.85 (146)

.40

.07

 

9.25

2.71 (146)

.01

.22

SDNN

5.30 (2)

.07

         

HF

3.05 (2)

.22

         

LF

9.94 (2)

.01

570.60

3.16 (146)

.00

.25

 

264.72

1.45 (146)

.15

.12

LF/HF

12.53 (2)

.00

0.86

1.91 (146)

.06

.15

 

-0.77

-1.69 (146)

.09

.14

SYS

0.57 (2)

.75

         

DIA

5.86 (2)

.05

         
  1. Abbreviations: PSS-10 Perceived Stress Scale, DASS-21 Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, WHO-5 World Health Organisation-Five Well-Being Index, MAAS Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale, MFI-20 Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, SF-36 Short Form Health Survey, BPNSFS Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, HR Heart rate, rMSSD Root Mean Square of Successive Differences, pNN50 Percentage of successive normal-to-normal heartbeat intervals differing by > 50 ms, SDNN Standard deviation of normal-to-normal heartbeat intervals, HF High-frequency power, LF Low frequency power, SYS Systolic blood pressure, DIA Diastolic blood pressure, r effect size Pearson’s r
  2. Significant p-values are marked in bold (also includes significant p-values that have been rounded up to .05)
Back to article page

BMC Digital Health

ISSN: 2731-684X

Contact us