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Table 3 Generalized linear models with stabilized inverse propensity treatment weighting: association between telemedicine exposure and study outcome measures

From: Telemedicine use and decrements to type 2 diabetes and hypertension care during the COVID-19 pandemic

 

Diabetes Sample

Hypertension-only Sample

HbA1c testing

HbA1c controla

Blood pressure testing

Blood pressure controlb

Blood pressure testing

Blood pressure controlb

Patient n

512,344

391,269

642,224

506,254

1,321,339

1,012,980

Main Independent Variables

 Post period

0.91***

0.96***

0.60***

0.93***

0.60***

0.92***

 Telemedicine encounter

0.74*

0.90

0.40**

1.02

0.10***

0.97

 Post period * telemedicine encounter

0.77*

1.18

0.15***

0.98

0.58***

1.05

Control Variables

 Total encounters

  0

0.01***

0.75***

0.00***

0.76***

0.00***

0.91***

  1–2

0.27***

0.89***

0.06***

0.98**

0.07***

1.03***

  3+ (reference)

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Age Categories

  Age 18–34

0.43***

0.61***

0.64***

1.02

0.69***

0.91***

  Age 35–44

0.55***

0.61***

0.61***

0.97

0.75***

0.89***

  Age 45–55

0.68***

0.66***

0.71***

1.00

0.81***

0.95***

  Age 56–64

0.85***

0.78***

0.79***

1.00

0.87***

1.00

  Age 65–74 (reference)

-

-

-

-

-

-

  Age 75–84

0.97**

1.14***

1.03

0.98

1.05**

0.94***

  Age 85 and over

0.91***

1.19***

0.98

0.94***

1.02

0.88***

 Female

0.93***

1.03**

0.95**

1.06***

1.10***

1.09***

 Race/Ethnicity

  White (reference)

-

-

-

-

-

-

  Hispanic

0.97

0.91***

1.00

0.99

0.93*

0.94***

  Black

0.89***

1.02

0.98

0.82***

0.96

0.85***

  Asian

1.28***

1.06

1.06

1.03

1.01

1.01

  Other race

0.94***

0.95*

0.94*

0.92***

0.96*

0.93***

 Marital Status

  Married (reference)

-

-

-

-

-

-

  Divorced

0.88***

0.97

0.89***

0.94***

0.85***

0.94***

  Never married

0.91***

0.94***

0.89***

0.97**

0.87***

0.95***

  Widowed

0.95***

0.95**

0.93*

0.92***

0.90***

0.91***

  Other marital status

0.76***

0.95*

0.70***

0.89***

0.70***

0.86***

 Annual household median income (standardized)

1.06***

1.07***

1.00

1.08***

1.02**

1.07***

 Urbanicity of Residence

  Metropolitan (reference)

-

-

-

-

-

-

  Micropolitan

0.79***

0.97

1.14***

0.89***

1.06**

0.90***

  Small town

0.82***

0.93***

0.96

0.90***

0.93***

0.92***

  Rural

0.76***

0.93**

1.02

0.95***

1.00

0.93***

 Insurance Type

  Commercial

1.10***

1.07***

1.27***

1.03

1.14***

1.01

  Medicare/ Medicare Advantage (reference)

-

-

-

-

-

-

  Medicaid

0.74***

0.98

0.97

0.95***

0.82***

0.88***

  Dual Medicare/Medicaid

1.22***

0.94

0.93

0.91**

0.98

0.99

  Other

0.94*

0.99

1.11**

0.94**

1.01

0.92***

 Comorbidities

  Charlson comorbidity index

0.95***

0.99*

1.00

1.00

1.01*

1.00

  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

0.84***

0.98

1.28***

1.05***

1.40***

1.05***

  Heart failure

0.85***

0.99

1.16***

1.07***

1.19***

1.08***

  Chronic kidney disease

1.31***

0.95***

1.23***

0.98*

1.22***

1.06***

  Mental health illness

0.94***

0.99

1.05**

1.05***

1.01

1.04***

  Obesity

1.14***

0.93***

1.17***

0.97***

1.11***

0.99*

  Opioid use disorder

0.86***

1.02

0.85**

0.92***

0.92*

0.90***

 Diabetes Treatment

  No diabetes prescriptions

0.47***

1.50***

0.83***

0.87***

N/A

N/A

  Diabetes treated, non-insulin only (reference)

-

-

-

-

N/A

N/A

  Diabetes treated, insulin +/- other Rx

0.72***

0.57***

0.83***

0.89***

N/A

N/A

 Hypertension Treatment

  No hypertension

1.04*

1.18***

1.31***

1.30***

N/A

N/A

  Hypertension-treated

1.21***

1.15***

1.78***

0.92***

1.8***

1.02***

  No hypertension prescriptions (reference)

-

-

-

-

-

-

 HbA1c, last value in pre-pandemic period

1.05***

0.41***

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

 Systolic BP, last value in prep-pandemic period

N/A

N/A

1.00***

0.96***

1.00***

0.96***

 Constant

14.84***

3,835.31***

1,335.45***

603.85***

743.10***

367.56***

  1. Coefficients are reported in odds ratios
  2. ***, **, and * indicate p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively
  3. aHbA1c is considered under control if the patient’s HbA1c test result is less than 8.0%. Only patients with HbA1c testing during the study period had HbA1c values
  4. bBlood pressure is considered under control if the patient’s last recorded systolic and diastolic blood pressure values are below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively. Only patients with blood pressure testing during the study period had systolic and diastolic values
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